The following reference styles are in use at QUT
The following types of media are available for QUT APA
In APA, DOIs provide publication details for electronic sources.
A Digital Object identifier (DOI) is a unique code, which provides a permanent link to an online resource. The most common resources to include a DOI are electronic journal articles.
A DOI is usually printed on the first page of an online journal article or e-book. You can also check the database record. Alternatively, you can search for your article on the CrossRef database (http://www.crossref.org). If a DOI exists for your article, it will be recorded in this database.
If it is an electronic article, available in online databases: do a quick web search to locate the home page of the journal/magazine/publisher. Provide this URL instead of a DOI.
If it is a webpage, pdf, online document: provide the URL or the URL where you accessed the online document (whichever is easier).
If it is a resource only available in a particular database or archive. Use the URL instead of the DOI.
For more information on DOIs, check out the APA Style Blog FAQ, or APA Style Blog Video Demonstration.
Use ‘n.d.’ for the year in the citation and reference list.
Substitute ‘in press’ for the year in the citation and reference list.
Precede the year with the contraction for circa.
Be as specific as needed about the publication date.
For places in Australia or the United States: Follow the place of publication by the postal abbreviation for the state.
For other places: Use the name (or abbreviation) of the country.
Only required for printed materials that are not journals.
If a book does not have a place of publication, use ‘n.p.’ to indicate no place.
Replace the publisher information with the word author:
For non-routine items, such as kindle book, brochures, pamphlets, posters; indicate the type of resource in square brackets after the title.
Previously, APA referencing required page numbers (or other location references) only for a direct quotation from another source. However, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) states:
To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the appropriate point in text. Always give page numbers for quotations. (p. 179)
When paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another work, you are encouraged to provide a page or paragraph number, especially when it would help an interested reader locate the relevant passage in a long or complex text. (p. 171)Therefore, it is best to check with your lecturer as to her/his preferences in this matter.
For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number preceded by the abbreviation 'para. ':
If neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraphs following it to direct the reader to the location of the material:
DOIs provide publication details for electronic resources.
A Digital Object identifier (DOI) is a unique code, which provides a permanent link to an online resource. The most common resources to include a DOI are electronic journal articles.
A DOI is usually printed on the first page of an online journal article or e-book. You can also check the database record. Alternatively, you can search for your article on the CrossRef database (http://www.crossref.org). If a DOI exists for your article, it will be recorded in this database.
If it is a webpage, pdf, online document: provide the URL or the URL where you accessed the online document (whichever is easier). Refer to the example in electronic journal articles.
Substitute (n.d.) for the year in the citation and reference list.
Author n.d. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
Substitute (in press) for the year in the citation and reference list.
Precede the year with the contraction for circa. (ca. 1986)
This information is only required for printed materials that are not journals.
E.g. If a book does not have a city of publication, use n.p. to indicate no place in the reference list.
Author Year. Title. n.p.: Publisher.
In text citations should include the number of the page where you found the information.
For works without pagination, include a chapter or paragraph number (if available), a section heading, or a descriptive phrase that follows the divisions of the work.
In citations of shorter electronic works, presented as a single searchable document, such locators may be unnecessary.
Summaries of information/sources do not require page numbers for the in-text citation if the information comes from many pages.
Unless instructed otherwise, it is expected that written assessment includes a bibliography. A bibliography contains all sources consulted in the preparation of the assessment, not only the sources cited in the footnotes.
The bibliography is divided into parts with headings specifying the type of sources which are relevant for the assessment:
A Articles/ Books/Reports
B Cases
C Legislation
D Treaties
E Other
If the assessment does not include some of the types of sources listed above, the headings are omitted.
Each part of the bibliography is listed alphabetically. No pinpoint references are included in the bibliography.
There is no full stop at the end of the reference in the bibliography.
In the bibliography the secondary sources (headed A Articles/Books/Reports) are listed alphabetically according to the surname of the first listed author or the name of the institution if it is the author or, if there is no author, the first word in the title.
Where this is a personal author, the first mentioned author’s first name and surname are inverted, so that the surname appears first, but the other authors’ names are not inverted.
A Articles/Books/Reports
Davies, Martin and Ian Malkin, Torts (LexisNexis Butterworths, Australia, 6th ed, 2012)
George, Patrick, Defamation Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, Australia, 2nd ed, 2012)
Hutchinson, Andrew, ‘Heydon’ Seek: Looking for Law in All the Wrong Places’ (2003) 29 Monash University Law Review 85
Willmott, Lindy et al, Contracts (Oxford University Press, Australia, 4th ed, 2013)
Cases are listed alphabetically with full citation as specified in the ‘Cases’ section. No pinpoint references are included.
B Cases
Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth (1953) 92 CLR 424
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562
Dunleavy v Peak [2009] NSWCA 72
Griffiths v Kerkemeyer (1977) 139 CLR 161
Kriz v King [2006] 1 Qd R 327
New South Wales v Fahy (2007) 232 CLR 486
Ross v Chambers (Unreported, Supreme Court of the Northern Territory, Kriewaldt J, 5 April 1956)
Van Gervan v Fenton (1992) 175 CLR 327
Legislation is listed alphabetically and is not further subdivided into jurisdiction. No pinpoint references are included.
C Legislation
Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW)
Civil Liability Regulation 2003 (Qld)
Civil Proceedings Act 2012 (Qld)
Defamation Bill 2005 (Qld)
Explanatory Notes, Personal Injuries Proceedings Bill 2002 (Qld)
Family Law Act 1975 (Cth)
Personal Injuries Proceedings Act 2002 (Qld)
Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic)
Treaties are entered by Title.
D Treaties
Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, Dec 18 1979, 1983 ATS No 9; 19 ILM 33 (CEDAW) (signed for Australia July 17 1980. Entry into force for Australia Aug 27 1983)
Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community, opened for signature 25 March 1957, 298 UNTS, art 85(1) (entered into force 1 January 1958)
Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel (New York, 9 December 1994) [2001] ATS 3
Includes all other legal information resources:
List alphabetically according to the surname of the first mentioned author or a name of institution if it is the author or, if there is no author, the first word in the title.
E Other
CCH, Australian Labour Law Reporter, vol 1
Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 3 November 2005, 103 (Phillip Ruddock, Attorney-General)
Editorial, ‘Good news for schools’, The Courier Mail, 5 May 2005, 8
LexisNexis, Halsbury’s Laws of Australia, 145 Defamation
'Ruddock to Grant East Timorese Visas', The West Australian 3 June 2003 <http://www.thewest.com.au> at 3 June 2003
In text citations should include the number of the page where you found the information.
For works without pagination, include a chapter or paragraph number (if available), a section heading, or a descriptive phrase that follows the divisions of the work.
In citations of shorter electronic works, presented as a single searchable document, such locators may be unnecessary.
Summaries of information/sources do not require page numbers for the in-text citation if the information comes from many pages.
Substitute [place unknown]
Substitute [date unknown]
If a copyright date (identified by the symbol ©) exists, use this date preceded by the letter 'c'. E.g. c2010
Substitute 'Forthcoming' for the year of publication.
Repeat the name of the author as the publisher.
For non-routine items such as brochures and pamphlets, indicate the type of resource in square brackets after the title.
DOIs are provided for electronic resources.
A digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique code, which provides a permanent link to an online resource. The most common resources to include a DOI are electronic journal articles.
A DOI is usually printed on the first page of an online journal or e-book. You can also check the database record. Alternatively, you can search for your article on the CrossRef database (www.crossref.org). If a DOI exists for your article, it will be recorded in this database.
Provide the URL located at the top of the screen in the URL box. Some URLs are very long, be sure to provide the full URL by using the copy and paste function.
Complete works put the number of pages after the date cited. E.g. 241p
Individual documents put either the number of pages if known (as above) or the approximate number of pages in square brackets. E.g. [about 3p.]
If no page breaks are obvious put the approximate number of screens in square brackets. E.g. [about 3 screens]
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