This is the recommended QUT APA Style. It is based on the standards developed and maintained by the American Psychological Association (APA), and published in their Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 5th ed (2001) and subsequent updates. APA 6 (2009) includes the use of a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for electronic journal articles. Examples of this are provided for the use of Psychology students and postgraduates. Check that your lecturer or tutor uses the QUT recommended style before you begin your assignment.
The following details and examples relating to the QUT APA style include:
In-text citation helps the reader to locate the
source of that information in the alphabetical references list at the end of your essay.
What needs to be cited in the text?
Any information (words, ideas, statistics,
tables, data, pictures, photos, etc.) obtained
from another author or source, including:
textbooks
lecture materials
journals
websites
DVDs, etc.
In-text citation is needed for all information used in a direct
quotation or as a paraphrase. Common knowledge, such as the symbol for
water (H2O), does not need to be cited. Note: no distinction is made between print and electronic sources when citing in-text.
How to cite in-text using QUT APA
When you add a citation into your text you
need to include the following information in the
particular sentence or paragraph, either at the
beginning or the end:
Author’s family name or name of
the source (organisation, government
department, etc.).
You must cite the Author and Year for each reference you cite, and each time you cite that reference, using parentheses or brackets as follows (exception: do not quote dates when citing the same work twice in the same paragraph)
Quotation marks when copying the words exactly.
Other examples
In an investigation with older drivers (Perryman & Fitten, 1996) …
OR
Perryman and Fitten (1996) conducted an investigation with older drivers…
OR less commonly
In 1996 Perryman and Fitten conducted an investigation …
It is accepted in APA referencing that providing page numbers (or other location references) is only required for a direct quotation from another source.
However, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.) states on p. 121:
“When paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another work, authors are not required to provide a location reference (e.g., a page or paragraph number). Nevertheless, authors are encouraged to do so, especially when it would help an interested reader locate the relevant passage in a long or complex text.”
Therefore, it is best to check with your lecturer as to her/his preferences in this matter. The APA examples provided are a mix of both alternatives.
QUT APA: References List
The References list is at the end of your essay and provides the details of the works you have cited in your essay.
It is arranged alphabetically by Author and Date to enable quick location of the reference from the information you provided in the In-Text Citation.
Can't find an appropriate example for your source?
The examples provided are a collection of the most common types of documents and information sources. However this list is not exhaustive. If you are unable to find an example that adequately matches your particular source, you can either:
... teachers need to understand this issue (Purdie & Smith, 1999, p. 112).
OR
Purdie and Smith (1999, p. 112) believe awareness of the issue ...
Use “&” in the formal citation (in brackets) but the word “and” is used when the authors' names are part of the text. Always cite both names every time you refer to this work.
Format for Reference List
Purdie, N., & Smith, D. (1999). Case studies in teaching and learning: Australian
perspectives. Sydney: Prentice Hall.
A price ceiling is ... (Layton, Robinson, & Tucker, 2002, p. 91).
OR
Layton, Robinson, and Tucker (2002, p. 91) discuss ...
In subsequent citations
Layton et al. (2002, p. 27)
OR
(Layton et al., 2002, p. 27)
Include all of the authors the first time you cite the work, but then only the first author followed by ‘et al.’ for subsequent references to that work. (‘et al.’ is the abbreviation of ‘et alia’, Latin for ‘and others’)
Format for Reference List
Layton, A., Robinson, T., & Tucker, I. R. (2002). Economics for today. London:
Thomson.
For fewer than six authors, name all the authors in the reference list.
Book: Multiple works by the same author in the same year
Format for In-Text Citation
(Hartley, 2007a, p. 90)
AND
(Hartley, 2007b, pp. 223-225)
Use ‘a’, ‘b’, etc. to differentiate between works in the same year.
Format for Reference List
Hartley, J. (2007a). The best propaganda: Humphrey Jennings, the silent village.
In A. McKee (Ed.), Beautiful things in popular culture (pp. 144-163).
Malden MA: Blackwell.
Hartley, J. (2007b). Reality and the plebiscite. In K. Riegert (Ed.), Politicotainment:
Television's take on the real (pp. 21-58). New York: P. Lang.
Order alphabetically by title in the reference list.
Report writing requires many different sections which have different purposes (Woolever, 2008, p. 66).
Format for Reference List
Woolever, K. R. (Ed.) (2008). Writing for the technical professions (4th ed.). New
York: Longman.
For a collection of writings by different writers which has been published under one or more editors, use Ed. for one editor, and Eds. for more than one.
For a book with just one author and an editor as well, list the editor in parentheses after the title in the same way a translator is treated (see Translation of a Book).
Taylor (2006, p. 340) states “interior design ...”
Format for Reference List
Taylor, M. (2006). Architecture and interior: A room of one�s own. In M. Taylor &
J. Preston (Eds.), Intimus: Interior design theory reader (pp. 339�344). New York: Wiley Academy.
In this example the editor has included one of her/his own writings in a book (s)he edited. If this happens, use the same name twice: once as chapter author name, and again as editor.
Academic writing requires ... (Harris, 2005, p. 3).
Format for Reference List
Harris, R. A. (2005). Using sources effectively (2nd ed.). Glendale, CA: Pyrczak
Publishing.
Note the full stop is omitted after the title and placed after the information in brackets. A full stop is also placed after �ed� to indicate that the word has been abbreviated.
In text, cite the original publication date and the date of the translation.
Format for Reference List
LaPlace, P. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L.
Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814).
If the English translation of a non-English work is used as the source, cite the English translation - give the English title without bracket.
If the original version of a non-English book is used as the source, cite the original version - give the original title and, in brackets, the English translation.
Watanabe (2004, p. 32) reports that Japanese women are still the primary carers for children and the elderly.
Format for Reference List
Watanabe, K. (2004). Gendai jyosei [Japanese women today] (Your name, Trans.).
Tokyo: Asahishinbun.
If the original version of a non-English book is used as the source, cite the original version - give the original title and, in brackets, the English translation.
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The New Encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol.
26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
If an entry has no byline (indicating an author), the title is listed in the reference list in alphabetical order of the first significant word in the title.
Kildea, S. (1992). Risk and childbirth in rural and remote Australia. In J. Bailey, D.
du Plessis, & D. Lennox (Eds.), Infrontoutback: Proceedings of the 2nd
Biennial Australian Rural and Remote Health Conference (pp. 60-66).
Toowoomba, Australia: Cunningham Centre.
Format the reference in the same way as a chapter in an edited book.
Capitalise the name of the conference, which is a proper noun.
Book chapter on QUT Course Materials Database (CMD)
Format for In-Text Citation
The system runs through several stages (Flores, 1998, p.10).
Format for Reference List
Flores, A. (1998). Introduction: What kind of person should a professional be?
[Electronic format] In A. Flores (Ed.), Professional ideas (pp. 1�11).
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Retrieved November 20, 2003, from
Queensland University of Technology Course Materials Database.
“Electronic format” goes in square brackets after the title to indicate that you have only cited a scanned copy of the original.
Scoble and Israel (2005, p. 32) write that blogs ...
OR
Blogs offer the opportunity ... (Scoble & Israel, 2005, p. 32).
Format for Reference List
Scoble, R., & Israel, S. (2005). Naked conversations: How blogs are changing the
way businesses talk with customers. New York: John Wiley. Retrieved
March 5, 2007 from Electronic Book Library database.
If the book is available from a website rather than a database, give the URL of that website.
Use “Available from” instead of “Retrieved from” when the URL leads to information on how to obtain the cited material rather than to the material itself.
This idea influences ... (Hollander & Steneck, 1990, p. 90).
Format for Reference List
Hollander, R. D., & Steneck, N. H. (1990). Science and engineering
related ethics and values studies: Characteristics of an
emerging field of research. Science, Technology & Human
Values, 15(1), 84-104.
Note: The volume number is italicised but the issue number in brackets is not.
Vessenes, P. M. (2003). The secrets of managing your time. Journal of
Financial Planning, 16(8), 30�32. Retrieved November 20, 2003,
from Business Source Elite database.
Full text electronic journal articles: no pagination
Format for In-Text Citation
(Warr & Ellison, 2000, The Consequences of Fear, para. 4)
OR
(Warr & Ellison, 2000, ¶ 4)
For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number preceded by the paragraph (¶) symbol or the abbreviation ‘para.’ If neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the location of the material.
Format for Reference List
Warr, M., & Ellison, C. G. (2000). Rethinking social reactions to crime.
American Journal of Sociology, 106(3). Retrieved February 25, 2008,
from http://journals.chicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v106n3/050125
/050125.htm
Journal article from the QUT Course Materials Database (CMD)
Format for In-Text Citation
... according to Schmidt and Hunter (1998) ...
Format for Reference List
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1998). The validity and utility of selection
methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical
implications of 85 years of research findings. Psychological Bulletin,
124(2), 262-274. Retrieved October 19, 2007, from Queensland
University of Technology Course Materials Database
This example is for an article scanned into the CMD. If CMD is linked to the article on a fulltext database, reference it as from that database.
Afflerbach, P., Pearson, P. D., & Paris, S. G. (2008). Clarifying differences
between reading skills and reading strategies. The Reading Teacher,
61(5), 364-373. Retrieved November 27, 2008 from Education
Resources Information Center (ERIC) database. (ERIC Document No
EJ784675).
Give the ERIC number in parentheses at the end of the entry.
In the systematic review (Haynes, Ackloo, Sahota, McDonald & Yao, 2008) on interventions ...
Include all of the authors the first time you cite the work, but then only the first author followed by “et al.” for subsequent references to that work. (‘et al.’ is the abbreviation of ‘et alia’, Latin for ‘and others’)
Format for Reference List
Haynes, R. B., Ackloo, E., Sahota, N., McDonald, H.P., & Yao X. (2008). Interventions
for enhancing medication adherence. Retrieved June 2, 2008 from
The Cochrane Library Database.
In the best practice sheet on obese children (Joanna Briggs Institute, 2007, p. 4)
Format for Reference List
Joanna Briggs Institute. (2007). Effective dietary interventions for
overweight and obese children. Best Practice: Evidence Based
Information Sheets for Health Professionals, 11(1), 1-4. Retrieved
March 28, 2007 from
http://www.joannabriggs.edu.au/pdf/BPISEng_11_1.pdf
Gillen�s review (2008) on the effects of music ...
Format for Reference List
Gillen, E., Biley, F., & Allen, D. (2008). Effects of music listening on adult
patients' pre-procedural state anxiety in hospital. International Journal of
Evidence Based Health Care, 6(1), 24-49. Retrieved January 16, 2009 from
Wiley Interscience database.
Note: Even though this article may have been found through JBI, the database in which it is stored is Wiley Interscience. Therefore that is the one which is cited.
Australia's GDP has increased since 2002 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007, 30).
Format for Reference List
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2007). The social characterisations of immigrants
in Australia. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Name the organisation as author if no individuals are listed.
If the organisation also published the document, put Author in the publisher's position.
If the document was retrieved from the internet, add a retrieval statement showing date of retrieval and URL.
Standards Association of Australia. (2003). Australian standards for civil
engineering students: Structural engineering (AS HB 2.2-2003). Sydney:
Author. Retrieved June 4, 2005 from http://www.saiglobal.com
Name the organisation as author if no individuals are listed.
If the organisation also published the document, put ‘Author’ in the publisher's position.
If the document was retrieved from the internet, add a retrieval statement showing date of retrieval and URL.
In the text, cite the patent number and the issue date (not the file date).
Format for Reference List
Petroff, M. D. & Stapelbroek, M. G. (1986). US Patent No. 4,586,960.
Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
In the reference list entry, include the inventor(s) to whom the patent is issued, and the official source from which the patent information can be retrieved.
If the information is retrieved online, include a retrieval statement.
When debating the bill, Keating (Commonwealth of Australia, House of Representatives, December 16, 1992, p. 3832) stated ...
AND
In Victorian Legislative Assembly, Wynne addressed this issue (Parliament of Victoria Legislative Assembly, October 9, 2001, p. 2109).
Format for Reference List
Commonwealth of Australia. House of Representatives. (1992).
Parliamentary debates (Official Hansard). Canberra, Australia:
Commonwealth Government Printer.
AND
Parliament of Victoria Legislative Assembly. (2001).
Parliamentary debates (Hansard). Melbourne, Australia:
Victorian Government Printer
Queensland Premier Bligh, when responding to a question said ... (Queensland Parliament. Record of Proceedings, June 6, 2008, p. 2109).
Format for Reference List
Queensland Parliament. (2008). Record of proceedings (Hansard). Retrieved July
10, 2008, from http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/view/LegislativeAssembly/
Hansard/documents/2008.pdf/2008_06_06_WEEKLY.pdf
The Commonwealth�s Building Industry Act 1985 states that ...
Format for Reference List
Building Industry Act 1985 (Clth) s. 10.4. Retrieved September 22, 2008 from
http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/ActCompilation1.nsf/all/search/
7C10CB6B67B620F0CA256F71004DCD0B
The name of the legislation is not italicised.
If a specific section of the legislation was used, this can be specified (‘s.’ meaning ‘section’).
Include the jurisdiction of the legislation in brackets (Clth or State).
If the legislation is obtained from an electronic source, add a retrieval statement to the reference.
Web page - corporate, government or organisational author
Format for In-Text Citation
... as outlined by the Institute of Asian Studies (2001).
Format for Reference List
Institute of Asian Studies. (2001). Women�s movements in South East Asia.
Retrieved June 30, 2004, from http://ias.gov.au/pubs/
2001/womens_movements.pdf
Kildea, S. (1992). Risk and childbirth in rural and remote Australia. In
J.Bailey, D. du Plessis & D. Lennox (Eds.), Infrontoutback:
Proceedings of the 2nd Biennial Australian Rural and
Remote Health Conference. (pp. 60-66). Toowoomba,
Australia: Cunningham Centre.
Format the reference in the same way as a chapter in an edited book.
Capitalise the name of the conference, which is a proper noun.
Siminoff, E. F. (2008). Change happens. Embrace it. Love it. Retrieved
September 15, 2008 from
http://www.slideshare.net/shmoop/ellen-siminoff-presentation-to-
national-college-media-convention-presentation/
Watson, B. C. (2004). The psychosocial characteristics and on-road
behaviour of unlicensed drivers. Retrieved June 14, 2006, from
Australasian Digital Theses Program database (Identifier:
http://adt.library.qut.edu.au./adt-qut/public/adt-
QUT20050223.131348)
Murray, M. H. (2007). ENB101 Engineering mechanics: Module 2 [Lecture
Notes]. Retrieved February 4, 2007, from
http://blackboard.qut.edu.au/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?
tab=courses&url=%2Fbin%2Fcommon%2Fcourse.pl%3Fcourse_id%3D_35435_1
Hammond, G. (2007) Lowering our carbon footprint [podcast]. Retrieved
May 7, 2008 from http://www.bath.ac.uk/lmf/download/033-
podbath-Geoff_Hammon/17465.mp3
Indicate the format of the resource in square brackets at the end of the title.
The historic speech on space exploration reveals ... (Kennedy, 2006).
Format for Reference List
Kennedy, John F. (Speaker) (2006). Space exploration [streaming
video recording]. Retrieved January 15, 2008, from http://www.
youtube.com /watch?v=Kza-iTe2100
If the role of the creator is not obvious (eg. the producer, director, etc) indicate the role in brackets after the name.
For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if available, preceded by the ¶ symbol or the abbreviation ‘para.’
Format for Reference List
Economic Intelligence Unit. (2008) Country Outlook: Japan. Retrieved
November 20, 2008 from https://eiu-bvdep-com.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au
/version20081013/cgi/template.dll?product-101&user=ipaddress.pdf
Statistical data (i.e. tables, graphs, financials) generated from a statistical database
(e.g. EU Country Data; Australian Bureau of Statistics Census Data)
Format for In-Text Citation
According to statistics ... (Euromonitor international, 2008)
Format for Reference List
Euromonitor International. (2008). Australian consumer expenditure on
education 2003-2008 [Data file]. Available from Global Market
Information Database
http://www.portal.euromonitor.com.exp02.library.qut.edu.au
/passport/ResultsList.aspx
In brackets at the end of the title (before the period) give a description of the material (e.g. Data file).
Use available from to indicate that the URL leads to information on how to obtain the cited material, rather than to the material itself.
Babakiueria tackles double standards by a directorial approach which ... (Atherden, 1986).
Format for Reference List
Atherden, G. (Writer), Featherstone, D. (Director) & Pringle , J. (Producer).
(1986). Babakiueria [DVD]. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corp.
Give the name and, in brackets, the function of the originator(s) or the primary contributor(s).
Indicate the format of the work in square brackets immediately after the title.
Beck, (Singer-songwriter) & Godrich, N. (Producer). (2002). Paper tiger. On Sea
Change (Cat. no. 005218) [CD]. Santa Monica, CA: Geffen.
Give the name and, in brackets, the function of the originator(s) or the primary contributor(s).
Indicate the format of the work in square brackets immediately after the title. Extra information (e.g. the catalogue number) that is useful in locating the item may be given at the end of the title.
Mahler, G. (Composer) & Fischer, I. (Conductor). (2006). Symphony no. 2 in C minor
(CCS SA 23506) [CD]. Herwijnen, Netherlands: Channel Classic Records.
Give the name and, in brackets, the function of the originator(s) or the primary contributor(s).
Indicate the format of the work in square brackets immediately after the title. Extra information (e.g. the catalogue number) that is useful in locating the item may be given at the end of the title.
Denton, A. (Interviewer & Executive Producer), & Jacoby, A. (Executive
Producer). (2008). George Miller [Television program segment].
In Enough Rope. Sydney: ABC Television.
Put the role of each creator in brackets after their names.
Put the format in square brackets after the title.
If downloaded from a website or vodcast, add a retrieval statement.
Watanabe (2004, p. 32) reports that Japanese women are still the primary carers for children and the elderly.
Format for Reference List
Watanabe, K. 2004. Gendai jyosei [Japanese women today] (Your name,
Trans.). Tokyo: Asahishinbun.
If the original version of a non-English book is used as the source, cite the original version: Give the original title and, in brackets, the English translation.
Children�s Media Australia. (2006). Watching cartoons [brochure].
Melbourne: Author.
Indicate the format of the material (e.g. brochure, pamphlet, etc) in square brackets after the title.
The word ‘Author’ is used for the publisher when the author and publisher are the same
